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You searched for:"Marcelo Cunio Fonseca"
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Rev Bras Ter Intensiva. 2008;20(1):31-36
DOI 10.1590/S0103-507X2008000100005
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Peritoneal dialysis (PD) is frequently used to replace glomerular filtration and to control acid-base, electrolyte and fluid disturbances in critically ill children with acute renal failure. However, cardiorespiratory changes can happen during this procedure. The objective of this review is to describe the PD cardio-respiratory repercutions in the pediatric patient and the evidence level of the studies that approach these repercutions. METHODS: Bibliographic revision about PD cardio-respiratory repercutions in the pediatric patient. Medline, Ovid e Lilacs databases were searched for articles from 1990 to 2007 with the following key words in Portuguese, English and Spanish: diálise peritoneal, efeitos hemodinâmicos, complicações respiratórias, complicações cardíacas, Pediatria; peritoneal dialysis, hemodynamic effects, respiratory complications, cardiac complications, Pediatric; peritoneal diálisis, efecto hemodinámico, complicaciones respiratorias, complicaciones cardiacas, Pediatria. The retrieved articles were classified according to Cook et al. 1992. RESULTS: Thirteen articles were retrieved, 8 of them were about cardiorespiratory repercussions and five approached respiratory repercussions of PD. These studies evaluated 178 critically ill patients, from newborns to adolescents. Among the respiratory repercutions during PD the most frequent ones were decrease of the pulmonary compliance and arterial oxygen partial pressure and increase of airway resistance and carbon dioxide partial pressure; after the infusion of PD fluid the studies pointed out an increased arterial oxygen partial pressure/ inspired oxygen fraction relation and diminution of the alveolar-arterial difference and oxygenation index. Increase of the mean arterial pressure, pulmonary artery pressure, right and left atrial pressure and systemic vascular resistance and, reduction of the central venous pressure were the described cardio-circulatory repercutions during PD. CONCLUSIONS: Pulmonary volumes, gas exchange and cardio-circulatory alterations are the most frequent complications during and after PD in the pediatric patient. Therefore critically ill pediatric patients with acute renal failure needing PD should be monitored during and after this procedure to avoid clinical deterioration and to educate the multi-professional team.
Abstract
Rev Bras Ter Intensiva. 2008;20(1):31-36
DOI 10.1590/S0103-507X2008000100005
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Peritoneal dialysis (PD) is frequently used to replace glomerular filtration and to control acid-base, electrolyte and fluid disturbances in critically ill children with acute renal failure. However, cardiorespiratory changes can happen during this procedure. The objective of this review is to describe the PD cardio-respiratory repercutions in the pediatric patient and the evidence level of the studies that approach these repercutions. METHODS: Bibliographic revision about PD cardio-respiratory repercutions in the pediatric patient. Medline, Ovid e Lilacs databases were searched for articles from 1990 to 2007 with the following key words in Portuguese, English and Spanish: diálise peritoneal, efeitos hemodinâmicos, complicações respiratórias, complicações cardíacas, Pediatria; peritoneal dialysis, hemodynamic effects, respiratory complications, cardiac complications, Pediatric; peritoneal diálisis, efecto hemodinámico, complicaciones respiratorias, complicaciones cardiacas, Pediatria. The retrieved articles were classified according to Cook et al. 1992. RESULTS: Thirteen articles were retrieved, 8 of them were about cardiorespiratory repercussions and five approached respiratory repercussions of PD. These studies evaluated 178 critically ill patients, from newborns to adolescents. Among the respiratory repercutions during PD the most frequent ones were decrease of the pulmonary compliance and arterial oxygen partial pressure and increase of airway resistance and carbon dioxide partial pressure; after the infusion of PD fluid the studies pointed out an increased arterial oxygen partial pressure/ inspired oxygen fraction relation and diminution of the alveolar-arterial difference and oxygenation index. Increase of the mean arterial pressure, pulmonary artery pressure, right and left atrial pressure and systemic vascular resistance and, reduction of the central venous pressure were the described cardio-circulatory repercutions during PD. CONCLUSIONS: Pulmonary volumes, gas exchange and cardio-circulatory alterations are the most frequent complications during and after PD in the pediatric patient. Therefore critically ill pediatric patients with acute renal failure needing PD should be monitored during and after this procedure to avoid clinical deterioration and to educate the multi-professional team.
Abstract
Rev Bras Ter Intensiva. 2008;20(1):57-62
DOI 10.1590/S0103-507X2008000100009
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: It is important to know the risk factors for extubation failure (EF) in children submitted to cardiac surgery in order to avoid inherent events due to reintubation (airways injury, usage of medications, cardiovascular changes) and because of prolonged ventilatory support (pneumonias, reduction of the ventilatory muscles strength). The objective of this study is to evaluate mechanical ventilation (MV) parameters, ventilatory mechanics [rapid shallow breathing index (RSBI), ventilatory muscles force [the maximum inspiratory pressure (MIP), the maximum expiratory pressure (MEP) and the load/force balance (LFB)] and blood gases before and after extubation in pediatric patients undergoing cardiac surgery. METHODS: Prospective (March 2004 to March 2006) observational cross sectional study, enrolling children submitted to cardiac surgery admitted to an university PICU hospital and considered able to be extubated. With the tracheal tube in situ and maintaining the children spontaneously breathing we evaluate: expiratory minute volume (V E), MIP and MEP. We calculated the RSBI [(RR/VT)/Weight)], LFB [15x [(3xMAP)/MIP] + 0.03 x RSBI-5], the mean airway pressure (MAP) [MAP={(PIP-PEEP)x[Ti/(Te+Ti)]}+PEEP] and the oxygenation index (OI) [OI=(FiO2 x MAP/PaO2)x100]. Arterial blood gas was collected one hour before extubation. If after 48 hours there was no need to reintubate the patient the extubation was considered successful (SE). RESULTS: 59 children were included. EF was observed in 19% (11/59). Median (QI25%-75%) for age, weight, MAP, OI, duration of MV after cardiac surgery (DMV) were respectively, 36 (12-82) months, 12 (8-20) kg, 8 (6-9), 2 (2-5), 1 (1-3) days. Median (QI25-75%) of EF in relation to SE for OI, LFB and DMV were respectively 5(3-8) versus 2(2-4), p = 0.005; [8(6-11) versus 5(4-6), p =0.002 and 3(2-5) versus 1(1-2) days, p = 0.026. Mean ± SD of EF in relation to SE for V E, PaO2 and MIP were respectively 1.7 ± 0.82 versus 3 ± 2.7 mL/kg/min, p = 0.003); 64 ± 34 versus 111 ± 50 mmHg, p = 0.002 and 53 ± 18 versus 78 ± 28 cmH2O; p=0.002. Concerning the risk factors for EF: OI > 2 (area under the ROC 0.74, p = 0.017) and LFB > 4 (area under the ROC 0.80, p = 0.002), achieved a sensibility of 100% and specificity of 80%; MIP < -35 cmH2O (area under the ROC 0.23; p= 0.004) achieved a sensibility of 80% and specificity of 60%. CONCLUSIONS: EF in children submitted to cardiac surgery is related to OI > 2, LFB > 4, DMV > 3 days; V E < 1.7 mL/kg/min, PaO2 < 64 mmHg and MIP < - 53 cmH2O. The kind of cardiac defect, MAP, RSBI and arterial blood gas were not related to EF.
Abstract
Rev Bras Ter Intensiva. 2008;20(1):57-62
DOI 10.1590/S0103-507X2008000100009
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: It is important to know the risk factors for extubation failure (EF) in children submitted to cardiac surgery in order to avoid inherent events due to reintubation (airways injury, usage of medications, cardiovascular changes) and because of prolonged ventilatory support (pneumonias, reduction of the ventilatory muscles strength). The objective of this study is to evaluate mechanical ventilation (MV) parameters, ventilatory mechanics [rapid shallow breathing index (RSBI), ventilatory muscles force [the maximum inspiratory pressure (MIP), the maximum expiratory pressure (MEP) and the load/force balance (LFB)] and blood gases before and after extubation in pediatric patients undergoing cardiac surgery. METHODS: Prospective (March 2004 to March 2006) observational cross sectional study, enrolling children submitted to cardiac surgery admitted to an university PICU hospital and considered able to be extubated. With the tracheal tube in situ and maintaining the children spontaneously breathing we evaluate: expiratory minute volume (V E), MIP and MEP. We calculated the RSBI [(RR/VT)/Weight)], LFB [15x [(3xMAP)/MIP] + 0.03 x RSBI-5], the mean airway pressure (MAP) [MAP={(PIP-PEEP)x[Ti/(Te+Ti)]}+PEEP] and the oxygenation index (OI) [OI=(FiO2 x MAP/PaO2)x100]. Arterial blood gas was collected one hour before extubation. If after 48 hours there was no need to reintubate the patient the extubation was considered successful (SE). RESULTS: 59 children were included. EF was observed in 19% (11/59). Median (QI25%-75%) for age, weight, MAP, OI, duration of MV after cardiac surgery (DMV) were respectively, 36 (12-82) months, 12 (8-20) kg, 8 (6-9), 2 (2-5), 1 (1-3) days. Median (QI25-75%) of EF in relation to SE for OI, LFB and DMV were respectively 5(3-8) versus 2(2-4), p = 0.005; [8(6-11) versus 5(4-6), p =0.002 and 3(2-5) versus 1(1-2) days, p = 0.026. Mean ± SD of EF in relation to SE for V E, PaO2 and MIP were respectively 1.7 ± 0.82 versus 3 ± 2.7 mL/kg/min, p = 0.003); 64 ± 34 versus 111 ± 50 mmHg, p = 0.002 and 53 ± 18 versus 78 ± 28 cmH2O; p=0.002. Concerning the risk factors for EF: OI > 2 (area under the ROC 0.74, p = 0.017) and LFB > 4 (area under the ROC 0.80, p = 0.002), achieved a sensibility of 100% and specificity of 80%; MIP < -35 cmH2O (area under the ROC 0.23; p= 0.004) achieved a sensibility of 80% and specificity of 60%. CONCLUSIONS: EF in children submitted to cardiac surgery is related to OI > 2, LFB > 4, DMV > 3 days; V E < 1.7 mL/kg/min, PaO2 < 64 mmHg and MIP < - 53 cmH2O. The kind of cardiac defect, MAP, RSBI and arterial blood gas were not related to EF.